For the first time in 40 years, NASA researchers have detected atomic oxygen in Mars' atmosphere, thanks to the ‘SOFIA’ (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy), which soars on a plane 45,000 feet (13.7 kilometers) above Earth. The oxygen atoms were found in the Martian upper atmosphere known as the ‘mesosphere’ and the discovery could help astronomers identify how gases escaped from the Red Planet long ago. While this is super exciting for our understanding of Mars humanity’s potential new home the scientists found only half the amount of oxygen they expected, but this could be the result of variations in the atmosphere.
The last time atomic oxygen was detected in the Martian atmosphere was during the Viking and Mariner missions of the 1970s. So why such a long gap? Well, there is really one thing to blame, Earth’s blue skies. "Atomic oxygen in the Martian atmosphere is notoriously difficult to measure," said SOFIA project scientist, Pamela Marcum. "To observe the far-infrared wavelengths needed to detect atomic oxygen, researchers must be above the majority of Earth’s atmosphere and use highly sensitive instruments, in this case a spectrometer. SOFIA provides both capabilities."
Yup, scientists have been at war with Earth’s skies for decades now, because it is moist and dense enough to make it really difficult to accurately see the Universe lying beyond it. So, to overcome this problem, researchers have implemented a bunch of workarounds (like making fake stars with giant lasers), which is where SOFIA comes in.
For the uninitiated, SOFIA is basically a giant aeroplane a Boeing 747SP jetliner with a large, 254-cm (100-inch) diameter telescope on it that can soar above most of Earth’s atmosphere to provide a clear picture.
Having such a high vantage point in addition to specialized equipment that is designed to ignore Earth’s atmosphere, enabled the team to make their calculations.
While the team has n0t given any exact figures on just how much atomic oxygen is in the Martian mesosphere, they do state that it was lower than expected. Because of this, the team will continue to use SOFIA to gauge other areas of the planet to ensure this figure is not the result of simple variations in the atmosphere. In other words, it looks like we have to wait for the full results.
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